By Donna Mulhearn
December 16, 2012 "Information Clearing House" - I’ve never seen a face as sad as a mother watching her new baby die.
I saw
it several times in the week I spent in Iraq’s Fallujah
Hospital recently, but the most heart-breaking was the
round, brown face of the woman in the pink dress.
I
entered the room in which she sat, motionless, just staring
intently at her baby in the humidicrib in front of her. She
did not turn to look at me, despite my odd appearance: white
girl in oversized black abaya and untidy hijab juggling a
camera and notebook. I attracted stares throughout the
hospital but the woman in the pink dress was too engaged
with her baby to notice.
The
women’s baby girl was struggling to breathe. Her little
tummy heaving up and down too fast. She had complex
congenital heart defects, like so many babies born here in
Fallujah, a dusty, war-weary city, west of Baghdad currently
experiencing a dramatic increase in birth defects and
miscarriages.
The
woman in the pink dress gazed with loving concentration at
her baby, urging her, willing her to live, to take another
breath. Her large brown eyes were not angry, more
overwhelmed, full of innocence, and questions. I saw the
babies eyes as she stared back at her Mother, only innocence
there too.
I
dropped my camera bag to the floor and just stood there
sharing the sacred, painful space between life and death,
between love, yearning and grief and the questions, so many
questions.
Why
was this happening every day in Fallujah Hospital’s nursery?
What has caused a seven-fold increase in birth defects here
since 2000? Why a
dramatic increase in miscarriages and stillborn births?
The
day before I had met a new-born with a bloodied, fleshy hole
in her back – a classic case of spina bifida another common
occurrence now along with brain dysfunction, spinal
conditions, unformed limbs and cleft palet.
Another day I walked through Fallujah cemetery which is
littered with small, unmarked ‘baby’ graves, and stood with
Marwan and Bashir, a young, healthy couple, at the grave of
their baby Mohamed, who lived five minutes after birth. He
was their fourth baby to die. They will not try again.
The
medical recommendation of the gynaecologists to the women of
Fallujah is simple: “just stop”. Stop falling pregnant
because it is likely you will not give birth to a healthy
baby. These words carry a shocking implication: a city of
about 300,000 with a generation of young women who may never
be mothers; and a generation who may not live, or at least
not a healthy life.
Four
new studies on the health crisis in Fallujah have been
released in the last three months. The studies suggest the
baby of the woman in the pink dress is dying of wounds from
a war she never saw. That this epidemic is the legacy of
toxic weapons dispersed in this community in the ferocious
attacks by US forces in 2004.
Today’s wars are wars of the city; they intrude into
neighbourhoods, streets and houses. And the nature of modern
weaponry means today’s wars don’t end when the guns fall
silent.
The
most recent study “Metal Contamination and the Epidemic of
Congenital Birth Defects in Iraqi Cities,” published in
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
examines the prevalence of birth defects in Fallujah as well
as Basra, another Iraqi city that experienced intense
fighting. It found that in Fallujah more than half of all
babies surveyed were born with a birth defect between 2007
and 2010. Before the siege, this figure was closer to one in
10.
More
than 45 per cent of all pregnancies surveyed ended in
miscarriages in the two years after 2004, increased from
only 10 per cent before the attacks. Between 2007 and 2010,
one in six of all pregnancies ended in miscarriage.
The
study presents evidence of widespread exposure to heavy
metals such lead and mercury- metals that would be contained
in bombs, tank shells and bullets – as a possible cause.
The
increase in birth defects in Fallujah and Basra is often
connected to the use of another heavy metal – depleted
uranium, used in conventional weapons for its armour
piercing capabilities. Several studies undertaken in Iraq
have found evidence of the presence of uranium local
environments and in patients, and point to it as a possible
cause, but more research is needed.
About
400,000 kilograms of depleted uranium has been dispersed in
Iraq since 1991. Depleted uranium (DU) is radioactive and
chemically toxic. The long-term impact on civilians is
unknown. Militaries consider it a hazard and use extreme
care in its handling. It’s been labelled the “Agent Orange”
of today.
With
uncertainties surrounding the use of weapons containing
depleted uranium and its long-term impact, precaution is
clearly needed.
Such
precaution is at the heart of a resolution that came before
the United Nations First Committee this month. The
resolution urged nations to take a precautionary approach
and requires greater transparency from users of DU weapons –
simply that they declare in what areas the weapons have been
used so that affected communities are aware. It’s about
protecting civilians who just by very nature of urban
warfare have been caught in the middle and left to deal with
long-term contamination.
At a
similar vote held two years ago, 148 nations voted in favour
of this non-threatening proposal, four voted against and
Australia abstained.
When I
spoke to Australians about this they were shocked that
Australia might not deliver a ‘yes’ vote.
And
yet that is exactly what we did. We abstained from making
our position known, yet again.
Labor
MP John Murphy raised the issue in Parliament last month
noting that: “It would therefore be consistent to extend
this precaution to assist civilian communities caught up in
conflicts where DU weapons are used.”
“…
Considering this precautionary approach, it is logical that
Australia would change its vote from abstaining to voting
yes.”
Australia has joined with nations including the USA and
United Kingdom in repeating its current line that the
science is not there. And then we’ve wheeled out out-dated
studies that have superseded by new research, in support of
our position. However the science is there and it is
compelling, but there are also questions and in the case of
uncertainty then the precautionary principle should apply.
The
key question is: Is it politically acceptable to disperse
large quantities of a chemically toxic and radioactive heavy
metal, which is widely recognised as hazardous, in
conventional warfare?
It
points to a broader question about what remains in
neighbourhoods when armies pack up and leave. Remnants of
war that explode such as landmines and cluster bombs attract
attention and clearance program, but another kind exists,
the toxic remnants of war whose silent legacy is still
unclear.
Can
Bob Carr’s sense of independence and common sense overcome
the pressure he is receiving from user nations, most notably
the USA?
Can he
pass the first test of the Australian Agenda?
You
see the woman in the pink dress is there too in this
discussion and her little baby and how are they accounted
for?
In
Fallujah Hospital I stood for a while in sad, silent
solidarity with the woman in the pink dress and her baby.
At one
point she looked up at me, we held a gaze, and in a wordless
gesture I said I was sorry. She nodded. I motioned if I
could take her photo and she nodded.
I left
feeling gutted, tears stinging my eyes my head haunted by
her face.
I
heard the baby died just an hour later, her name was Dumoa.
Dumoa’s was a short life, but one which brings into clear,
sharp focus the large, hard, ugly issue of the legacy of the
weapons our armies take to the neighbourhoods of ordinary
families.
For
the sake of baby Dumoa, and her mother in the pink dress,
may their tragic story awaken the conscience of the world
and prompt us to discuss and act on the long-term impact of
modern weaponry.
Donna Mulhearn is a freelance journalist
and peace activist who recently returned from her fourth
trip to Iraq. For further information on the campaign
against depleted uranium weapons see
www.acbuw.org. Donna plans to visit Fallujah again early
next year. You can follow her on Twitter @donnamulhearn
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